formation of the Universe [appearing pictures with notes] [1]

• Our knowledge of the Universe comes from recordings of astronomers [like Copernicus].
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• The universe is everything, all of space, and all the matter and energy that space contains.
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• An astronomer is a scientist who studies stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies.
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• Stars are giant balls of hot gas with a life cycle ranging from millions to trillions of years.
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• A planet is a large, rounded body that is usually in orbit [goes around] a star.
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• A moon is an object that orbits [goes around] a planet.
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• Comets are large objects made of dust and ice that orbit [goes around] the Sun.
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• A galaxy is a collection of stars, gas, and dark matter bound together by their gravity.
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• Astronomers had for centuries studied the night sky and recorded what they saw.
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• Astronomers, like Professor Brian Cox, publish their findings on television or the internet.
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• They have been helped by inventions. The first, was the invention of the telescope.....
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• ....in 1608 by Hans Lipperhey, a German-Dutch spectacle-maker.
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• However, it was Galileo Galilei, who developed the telescope to look at the night sky.
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• Next, the camera in the 1880s meant that "pictures" could be "taken" and "stored".
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• Ground based radio telescopes from the 1950s allowed the tracking of planets.
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• Ultra-violet, infra-red and x-ray wave lengths - same "pictures" but "different" images.
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• In the 1970s satellites, Voyager 1 & Voyager 2 sent pictures to radio telescopes..
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• A satellite is anything that orbits [goes around] a planet or a star.
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• The Hubble telescope, was launched from the Shuttle in 1990, a telescope in space.
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• American astronomer, Edwin Hubble was convinced the Universe was getting bigger.
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• The Hubble telescope pictures have changed our view of our Solar System.
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• It is called a Solar System because it has a sun [star] at it's centre.
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• Perhaps the most incredible Hubble "picture" is that of the nebula "Pillars of Creation".
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• A nebula is an enormous cloud of dust and gas acting as a nursery for new stars.
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• The James Webb telescope, launched Dec 25th 2021, designed for infra-red astronomy.
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• James Webb ran NASA from 1961-68 believing it had to balance space flight and science.
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• National Aeronautics Space Administration [NASA], is responsible for space research.
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• Five satellites have eventually travelled beyond the boundaries of our solar system.
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• Voyager 1 & 2, launched in 1977, are still in communication with Earth.
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• Pioneer 10 & Pioneer 11, launched in 1972, travel silently having used up all their power.
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• Where is Pioneer 10 now?
  • The distance of Pioneer 10 from Earth is currently 20,528,152,286 kms. Light would take 19 hours, 1 minute and 14 seconds to travel from Pioneer 10 to reach us.